The Tarot de Marseille is one of the standards from which many tarot decks of the 19th century and later are derived. The name Tarot de Marseille is not of particularly ancient vintage it was coined as late as 1856 by the French card historian Romain Merlin, and was popularized by French cartomancers Eliphas Levi, Gérard Encausse, and Paul Marteau who used this collective name to refer to a variety of closely related designs that were being made in the city of Marseilles in the south of France, a city that was a centre of playing card manufacture, and were (in earlier, contemporaneous, and later times) also made in other cities in France. The documentary Les mystères du Tarot de Marseille ( Arte, 18 February 2015) claims that the work of Marsilio Ficino can be credited as having inspired imagery specific to the Marseilles.Įtymology and English translation The earliest surviving cards of the Marseilles pattern were produced by Jean Noblet of Paris around 1650. All Italian-suited tarot decks outside of Italy are descended from the Milan–Marseilles type with the exception of some early French and Belgian packs which show mixed influence from Bolognese tarot (see below). When the game was reintroduced into northern Italy, the Marseilles designs of the cards were reintroduced with it. The 78-card version of the game of Tarot died out in Italy but survived in France and Switzerland. The antecedents of the Tarot de Marseille would then have been introduced into southern France at around that time. Michael Dummett's research led him to conclude that (based on the lack of earlier documentary evidence) the tarot deck was probably invented in northern Italy in the 15th century and introduced into southern France when the French conquered Milan and the Piedmont in 1499.
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